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Upper limb - Interactive Atlas of Cross-Sectional Anatomy

Atlas-MR

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Method

We have created an anatomical atlas of the upper limb that is an interactive tool for studying the conventional anatomy of the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand based on an axial magnetic resonance of the entire upper limb. Anatomical structures and particular region are visible as dynamic labeled images.

Cross sectional anatomy: MRI of the upper limb

A MRI was performed on a healthy subject, with a spin-echo T1 weighted acquisition.
Data and DICOM images (archived on a PACS (Picture Archiving and Communicating System)) were processed and exported as JPEG images.
The software Macromedia Flash and Adobe Photoshop allow us the development of an atlas based application with a suitable functionality and user interface for exploration of the skeleton anatomy.
Anatomical structures are labeled using to the actual Terminologia Anatomica.

Anatomy of the arm, forearm, wrist, shoulder and hand: how to visualize anatomic labels

This module is a comprehensive and affordable learning tool for medical students and residents and especially for rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists.
It provides access to an atlas and to images in the axial planes, allowing the user to learn and review orthopedic anatomy interactively. Images are labeled, providing an invaluable teaching resource. The test mode allows comprehensive evaluation of user progress.
The horizontal menu gives access to groups of anatomical structures that can be chosen by the user:
- Arteries
- Veins
- Muscles
- Tendons
- Bones
- Nerves
- Ligaments
As the cursor is moved over a particular compartment of the arm or the forearm, that compartment is highlighted and labeled: anterior, lateral or posterior compartment.
The vertical left menu provides a medical illustration of a skeleton upper limb based on a three dimensional (3D) model that simplifies the access to the anatomical regions.

Click to enlarge

Labeled anatomical structures

List of labels (English - also available in French and Latin (terminologia anatomica)) :

Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Abductor pollicis longus (Tendon)
Acromion
Anatomical structures
Anconeus
Anterior compartment of arm
Anterior interosseous artery
Anterior interosseous nerve
Anular ligament of radius
Arm
Arteries
Axillary artery
Axillary nerve
Basilic vein
Biceps brachii
Biceps brachii (Tendon)
Bones
Brachial artery
Brachial plexus
Brachial vein
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Brachioradialis (Tendon)
Capitate
Capitulum
Cephalic vein
Clavicle
Common extensor tendon
Common flexor tendon
Common palmar digital arteries
Condyle of humerus
Condyle of humerus
Coracobrachialis
Coracoid process
Coronoid process
Deep branch
Deltoid
Deltoid tuberosity
Distal phalanx
Dorsal digital arteries
Dorsal digital nerves
Dorsal digital vein
Dorsal interossei
Dorsal metacarpal vein
Dorsal tubercle
Dorsal venous network of hand
Elbow
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Tendon)
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis longus (Tendon)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris (Tendon)
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digiti minimi (Tendon)
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digitorum (Tendon)
Extensor indicis
Extensor indicis (Tendon)
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis brevis (Tendon)
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus (Tendon)
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi radialis (Tendon)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi ulnaris (Tendon)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor digitorum profundus (Tendon)
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis (Tendon)
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor pollicis longus (Tendon)
Flexor retinaculum
Forearm
Glenoid cavity
Greater tubercle
Hamate
Hand
Head
Head
Hook of hamate
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatus (Tendon)
Intercapitular vein
Interosseous membrane
Intertubercular sulcus; Bicipital groove
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral head
Lateral intermuscular septum of arm
Lateral part; Radial part
Lateral supraepicondylar ridge
Latissimus dorsi
Lesser tubercle
Ligaments
Long head
Long head (Tendon)
Lumbricals
Lunate
Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
Medial epicondyle
Medial head
Medial intermuscular septum of arm
Medial supraepicondylar ridge
Median antebrachial vein
Median cubital vein
Median nerve
Metacarpals
Middle phalanx
Muscles
Musculocutaneous nerve
Neck
Neck of scapula
Nerves
Olecranon
Olecranon fossa
Opponens digiti minimi
Palmar digital vein
Palmar interossei
Pectoral girdle; Shoulder girdle
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Pisiform
Posterior compartment of arm
Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm; Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve
Posterior interosseous artery
Posterior interosseous nerve
Pronator quadratus
Pronator teres
Proper palmar digital arteries
Proper palmar digital nerves
Proper palmar digital nerves
Proximal phalanx
Radial artery
Radial collateral ligament
Radial nerve
Radial notch
Radial styloid process
Radial tuberosity
Radial vein
Radius
Regions
Scaphoid
Scapula
Shaft of humerus; Body of humerus
Short head
Spine of scapula
Subscapularis
Subscapularis (Tendon)
Superficial branch
Supinator
Suprascapular nerve
Supraspinatus
Supraspinatus (Tendon)
Tendon
Teres major
Teres minor
Trapezium
Trapezius
Trapezoid
Triceps brachii (Tendon)
Triquetrum
Trochlea
Tuberosity of ulna
Ulna
Ulnar artery
Ulnar collateral ligament
Ulnar nerve
Ulnar notch
Ulnar styloid process
Ulnar vein
Veins
Wrist

Comments (2)

Online comments and discussions.

Ask questions, write comments and remarks:

pec major tendon insertion, January 14, 2008

By eugene lee

I am very impressed with the software and have recommended it to several of my colleagues.

However, I think there may be an error of labelling on the upper extremity module. On the images below the bicipital groove, there is a tendon labelled as "long head of the biceps tendon" which I believe is the pec major tendon insertion on the humerus. It comes into close proximity of the biceps tendon. Please let me know what you think.

Thanks for creating such a fantastic atlas,
Eugene Lee

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You're right, January 15, 2008

By Micheau Antoine

Thanks for your question.

I think you are right: the tendon of the long biceps muscle stops in fact slightly higher, and the tendon that can be seen below is the pectoralis major.

This error will be corrected in the next module of e-anatomy : the anatomy of the shoulder (MRI - comingn soon).

This error will also be taken into account for e-anatomy v2.0.

Thank you very much

Antoine Micheau - MD - Montpellier -France

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